Foundational Ideas Ethics And Decision Making - 1292 Words

Foundational Ideas Essay Ethics is a topic that I have long looked forward to studying. I am excited to be taking this course, particularly as it relates to education, a field that I have interest and passion for. Since the beginning of my time in education, I have seen countless decisions made by educators and administrators. With few exception, I have seen those in the educational setting aim to do what is in the â€Å"best interest of the student† in a fair and just way, taking into account many factors in the equation. After reading the first two chapters in Shapiro Stefkovich s book, Ethical Leadership and Decision Making in Education, I came to the conclusion that this is the single most key idea or foundational component that I†¦show more content†¦The practitioner of Ethics of Justice, hopes that by doing this, the decisions will be fair, equal, and moral since it will be universal for all. This paradigm tends to focus on making decisions based on what is best for the community as a whole, and the good of the majority, as opposed to the individual. From a personal standpoint, I see this paradigm much like law. For example, when one steals a car, the law charges that person with grand larceny and the person must go to jail. Under this model, this penalty would apply to all. The second paradigm is Ethic of Critique. Those who follow this paradigm question the laws in the first paradigm and critique the laws to determine whether they are just. In essence, they do not always trust that those in power or that the laws are correct. They aim to research and critique to make the best decisions and prefer to be more analytic rather than seeing things as cut and dry. They ask questions, challenge, and rethink the values and make us revisit important concepts that we should take into account within our diversity. These are things such as power, culture, language, privilege. Let s take my previous example of stealing a car. Under the Ethic of Critique parad igm, one might argue that the person who stole the car did not mean to steal the car, but rather, he does not speak English well, is impoverished, and is therefore underprivileged

1984 Why Freedom is Important Essay - 832 Words

The term `freedom is often associated with the notion of living free of restraint and having an unfettered liberty to engage in rational actions with a sense that that our actions will not be controlled or interfered with. Given the above definition of freedom and the principles of positive and negative freedom, this essay shall seek to demonstrate that while they do not experience freedom fully, the proles are more free than Winston in Nineteen Eighty-Four. This essay shall also discuss the reasons why we consider freedom to be important with a particular focus on our assumptions of human nature and its components. We typically consider freedom to be the capacity to exercise choice and as being exempt from authoritarian control†¦show more content†¦Despite Winstons passionate hatred for the Party and his desire to test the limits of the Partys power, his capacity to carry out action against the Party is burdened (i.e. lacking positive freedom) by his intense paranoia and overriding belief that he will ultimately suffer scrutiny and brutal torture for the crimes heShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell And The Movie Divergent1189 Words   |  5 Pages bureaucratic, technological, moral or totalitarian measures. It breaks down the impetuous nature of humanity; it is the ultimate assassination of freedom. Literature that depicts dystopias, tend to follow a common archetype. Though similar in its foundation, dystopian literature can take on vastly different forms. This is observable in the novel 1984 by George Orwell, and the movie Divergent by Veronica Roth. The novel and the movie compare as wel l as differ regarding the aspects of their dystopianRead MoreThe Constitution Of The United States987 Words   |  4 PagesIn our society today, we have many rights that are guaranteed to us by the Constitution. In the setting of the book 1984 written by George Orwell most if not all of an individual’s rights have been taken away by the government. Without the rights that we are guaranteed by the Constitution, the people cannot have individual freedom or any freedom at all. The lack of freedom also makes a functional democracy impossible. In the Constitution of the United States there are twenty-seven amendments thatRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1122 Words   |  5 PagesPrivacy is an important issue, especially in the United States where the NSA looms over the internet, tracking your every move. Privacy is what allows you to maintain your own individualism, what makes you a person and especially your freedom. A growing debate concerning Orwell’s 1984 relevancy is quickly on the rise. Orwell’s fear of a totalitarian society led him to write this book as he lived during the totalitarian movement in Russia. The fear of a totalitarian society spreading sparked his fearRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pages Living in a society with limited freedom of expression is not, in any case, enjoyable. A totalitarian system is a good example of such a society, because although it provides control for the people, it can deny them a great deal of freedom to ex press themselves. The fictional society in George Orwell’s 1984 also stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the peopleRead MoreIndividuality In Ayn Rands Anthem And George Orwell875 Words   |  4 PagesAyn Rand’s Anthem and George Orwell’s 1984 both change my thinking of individuality because within the society we live in today it is an important aspect in everyone’s life because it gives us the freedom to voice our opinion and debate our differences. Throughout these two novels each character can not have a mind of their own, they are controlled through people and must do what they say. They have no basic human rights. In George Orwells 1984 Winston is not allowed to have his own thoughtsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book 1984 By George Orwell1228 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the novel, 1984, there is a large focus on the Inner and Outer Party; the book focuses on one particular member in the party. It is easy to forget that there are actually more members in Oceania, they are cast over and it seems to be they are often forgotten. This third group of citizens are the proles. They make up the rest of the population. Oceania can function just as fine without them, they are rather just ghosts roaming the streets and taking up space. They are rarely mentionedRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis on Nineteen Eighty-Four1044 Words   |  5 PagesFour: A Critical Essay on Rhetoric Bereket Kifle Composition 12 Honors Abstract George Orwell employs the usage of different rhetoric throughout 1984.  Ã‚  The rhetoric differs from describing the human body and its struggle to survive to the different crimes and how the citizens felt about them.  Ã‚  Also, within  1984  lies a warning from Orwell: to eliminate the caustic consequences of a communist government.  Ã‚  While Orwell served as part of the Indian Imperial Police in  Burma  duringRead MoreJustice in George Orwells 19841293 Words   |  6 PagesJustice in 1984 The concept of justice is an important subject in George Orwell’s 1984. Justice is defined according to Plato as â€Å"the interest of the stronger†. Justice plays a big role in 1984’s society. Justice is understood differently by the protagonists of the text than how it is represented by the societies in which they live. In the novel 1984 by Orwell, an extremely controlling totalitarian government called The Party, rules the society. They have introduced Telescreens which monitorRead MoreThe Dangers of a Conscious Mind 1984 by George Orwell Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesare hungry for power, and desire to be in a position that is exceedingly high above the rest. This is the general ideology of the Party, the supreme and ruling government in the legendary narrative 1984, written by George Orwell. 1984 is a dystopian, science fiction novel that is set during the year 1984 in the superstate of Oceania. In a malevolent world of continuous warfare, relentless government scrutiny, and constant human manipulation, the story revolves around a man named Winston Smith, a citizenRead MoreBig Brother Is Watching You1106 Words   |  5 Pages AP US Government Mrs. Bradshaw 25 August 2014 Big Brother is Watching You 1984 is a novel that takes place in a Totalitarian dystopia named Oceania. The story follows a member of this futuristic society named Winston Smith, who is strongly opposed to the omniscient and oppressive â€Å"Big Brother† who runs the country. Winston works for the government in a division called the Ministry of Truth. He is responsible for altering history in the government’s favor. The government attempts to control the

The Effectiveness of Kangaroo Care in Neonates in Methodist Dallas Medical Centre Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The birth of a babe has many deductions to the wellness of the newborn since it has to accommodate to a new unfamiliar environment detached from its mother’s uterus. For case. new born babes are faced with challenges in accommodating to physiological maps like take a breathing. intestine motion. bosom rate and slumber forms ( Anderson. et al 2001 ) . Such challenges may take to much uncomfortableness as the baby strives to stabilise. In this visible radiation. Kangaroo attention plays an built-in function in nursing pattern particularly in the attention and nurturing of pre mature babes. The construct of Kangaroo attention was developed back in 1983 by Edgar Rey and Hector and Martinez in Columbia ( World Health Organisation. 2003 ) . The purpose of the attention is to guarantee a tegument to clamber contact with the parent to heighten the development of the premature babe. Incases where engineering is unavailable kangaroo attention can be used to guarantee that premature babes get the heat and physiological benefits from tegument to clamber relationship with the parent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effectiveness of Kangaroo Care in Neonates in Methodist Dallas Medical Centre Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this mode. parents are able to utilize originative low engineering to heighten the wellness of their pre mature babes. Harmonizing to the medical staff in Methodist Dallas medical Centre. Kangaroo attention revolves around puting the babe on the bare thorax or pot of the female parent or parent with the proviso of a nappy merely. The babes head is placed in such a manner that it’s able to breath and lie comfy in the heat of its parent’s tegument. Surveies carried out show that Kangaroo attention helps the new born babe adapt to its physiological maps for case external respiration and bosom rate ( Penalva A ; Schwartzman. 2006 ) . On the other manus. female parents are able to cement their bond with their babes and besides be able to bring forth adequate milk for suckling. However. other surveies done by scientists show less important consequences in the usage of Kangaroo attention. Hence. this survey seeks to happen critically analyze the effectivity of kangaroo attention in newborns in Methodist Dallas medical Centre. The Problem Kangaroo attention is a important milepost in nursing pattern in the Methodist Dallas medical Centre because it enhances attention of new born babes utilizing natural agencies. This survey ascertains that important research is being done on the topic for optimal consequences. For case. parents are encouraged to hold a close contact and relationship with their babies to heighten baby parent bonding. On the other manus. Kangaroo attention emphasizes more in physical contact between the parent and the kid. Harmonizing to research Kangaroo attention enhances babes to hold more sleep. less discomfort hence less shouting. enhanced wellness hence weight addition and high unsusceptibility ( McCain. Ludington-Hoe. Swinth A ; Hadeed. 2005 ) . Kangaroo attention can be argued to place spreads in nursing cognition in the Methodist Dallas medical Centre. For case. with research and assorted surveies medical practicians can be able to detect major benefits of this challenging construct. On the other manus. female parents exposed to the therapy can go on the usage of the therapy at place to heighten the wellness of their babies. Problem Statements This survey ascertains that old surveies carried out on Kangaroo therapy spring conflicting feedbacks. For case. some surveies carried out note that Kangaroo attention does non hold important consequence in the wellness of an baby. On the other manus. other surveies carried out show that Kangaroo attention plays an built-in attention in the wellness of babies. However. all surveies carried out show that Kangaroo attention does non hold negative deductions to the well being of the parent or the baby. Harmonizing to staff from Methodist Dallas medical Centre. Kangaroo attention is of import to heighten female parent baby relationship owing to the ‘expulsion’ of the baby from its mother’s uterus to a wholly independent environment. Hence. the employment of Kangaroo attention facilitates the smooth version of the babe to indispensable organic structure maps for case. external respiration. intestine motion. bosom rate to advert a few. Literature Review Background information Technological promotions have resulted into many pregnant female parents choosing to utilize infirmaries during bringing for optimal medical attending. Harmonizing to Methodist Dallas medical Centre. premature babies are put in an brooder striping them of close knit interaction with their female parents. On the other manus. research points out that babies have jobs in organizing their organic structure maps and this leads to much uncomfortableness ( Charpak. Ruiz-Pelaz. A ; Figueroa. 2005 ) . The Kangaroo attention construct was developed in 1983 by Edgar Rey and Hector and Martinez in Columbia and has since gained important popularity. Initially the construct was invented as a control step for deficiency of power and installations to take attention of premature babes. Its execution was meant to guarantee that babes benefited from natural heat and physiological bond with their female parents. It is in this visible radiation. that this survey suggests that the usage of Kangaroo atten tion could assist babies accommodate to their new environment fast and efficaciously. Kangaroo attention construct has much possible in nursing attention in Methodist Dallas medical Centre because it is used to better the development of babies. Nursing attention is meant to do life comfy for babies to heighten their development and endurance. In this mode. infirmary stay can be reduced significantly and mortality rates reduced. It is estimated that 9 % of babes born prematurely stop up deceasing due to complications originating from respiratory and bosom conditions ( Conde-Agudelo. 2003 ) . Hence. this survey ascertains that the usage of Kangaroo attention is built-in in heightening the wellness development of babies. Kangaroo attention has in the past been used to bring forth and polish cognition on baby attention through transporting out more surveies on the construct in the Methodist Dallas medical Centre. For case. Kangaroo attention can let the parents to measure the advancement of their babies and derive important experience in basic kid attention. On the other manus. nursing attention can be improved with the development of literature in Kangaroo attention. For case. research done indicates that babes exposed to Kangaroo attention addition more weight compared to babes who are non exposed to Kangaroo attention ( Feldman. Eidelman. Sirota. A ; Weller. 2002 ) . Methodist Dallas medical centre is a busy installation characterized by many activities. In this mode. the employment of Kangaroo attention helps babies slumber for longer hours in the installation salvaging clip and energy for the hospital staff for optimal productiveness. Enhancing babies slumber is of import for its development and it besides reduced its stay in the infirmary and hence wellness attention money is used efficaciously ( Dodd. 2005 ) . Consequently. Methodist Dallas medical Centre staff ascertains that gripes is a major challenge to new born babes because it leads to much uncomfortableness to new babes and on occasion deprives them from slumber. A common premise by scientists is that gripes is caused by the incapacity of a babe to efficaciously pass through from one slumber degree to another doing concentration of gas in the tummy ( Engler. A. et Al. 2002 ) . The accretion of gas causes much uncomfortableness in the babe propagating a batch of shouting which leads to less sleep. Research carried out shows that Kangaroo attention could be employed to assist babes larn to pass through from one slumber degree to another cut downing the effects of gripes for newborns. Methodist Dallas medical Centre ascertains that employment of the construct is a control step employed to cover with gripes in the infirmary. New born babes are faced with a major challenge of temperature ordinance and these calls for close monitoring and attending from nurses and attention givers. Harmonizing to Ludington et Al. Kangaroo attention. helps congratulate the natural temperature of the baby ( 2003 ) . For case. if the infant’s temperature lessen the female parents temperature helps the baby’s temperature stabilise hence cut downing the opportunities of developing complications. On the other manus. as the female parent provides heat to her babe. the babe is able to comfortably entree chest milk and besides see higher degrees of watchfulness. Hence energy and clip is saved by Dallas medical Centre nurses and that means they can go to to other pressing instances in demand of immediate health care attending. Consequently. this survey ascertains that the construct of Kangaroo attention has a major advantage of minimal fiscal deductions to the society. In this mode. female parents from any societal economic category can use the construct free of charge and guarantee that their babies acquire personalized attention. Kangaroo attention is good for both premature and mature babes at birth hence it can be used on any babe. The donees of this construct ascertained that the society benefits significantly from Kangaroo attention because infant mortality will be reduced significantly. On the other manus. the construct of Kangaroo attention is besides of import since it would guarantee an improved fond regard with between the parents and the babies. Purpose statement The intent of this survey is to determine the effectivity of kangaroo attention in newborns in Methodist Dallas medical Centre. The infirmary is a installation which has good developed pregnancy section and serves a considerable population from Dallas. This survey ascertains that Kangaroo attention plays an built-in function in the development of babies because of its tremendous benefits. The findings of this survey will be used in heightening the available literature on kangaroo attention. On the other manus bookmans and other nursing attention professionals can mention to the findings for their ain academic and professional usage. In drumhead this survey had five aims to turn to. One aim was to reexamine the importance of Kangaroo attention in newborns for execution in Methodist Dallas medical Centre. The 2nd aim was to analyse the possible influence of Kangaroo attention in nursing pattern for successful and long permanent solutions in station natal attention. The 3rd aim was to look at the potency of Kangaroo attention to bring forth or polish cognition for optimal consequences of the construct. The 4th construct was to analyse the significance of Kangaroo attention to the nursing profession and 5th aim was to analyse the significance of the construct to the society. Data was collected for this paper through the usage of secondary and primary beginnings. Interviewees were chosen indiscriminately from the Methodist Dallas medical Centre to heighten the viability and credibleness of this survey. Medical staff and female parents who have employed the usage of Kangaroo attention were interviewed to determine the benefits of using the construct. After information was collected it was analyzed harmonizing to the set clip frame. For case. interviews were recorded instantly to guarantee the cogency of the survey. Case surveies played an built-in function in informations aggregation for this survey because they helped the research worker in replying inquiries of why and how. On the other manus. the research worker was able to roll up informations from many beginnings and come up with conclusive studies to advert a few. Case surveies were appropriate for this survey because they are job centered. For case. Methodist Dallas medical Centre stands to profit a batch from conclusive surveies on used of Kangaroo attention in its nursing attention. Consecutively. this survey besides incorporated a positivist’s attack which allowed testing of thesis and hypothesis utilizing statistical. qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this mode. the survey was able to be free from biasness for optimal credibleness and cogency in its findings. Decision Methodist Dallas medical Centre has gained a batch from the employment of Kangaroo attention because of the tremendous benefits which come along with the construct. The hospital staff interviewed for this survey ascertained that Kangaroo attention plays an built-in function in attention of babies. For case. the construct helps babies in accommodating to normal physiological maps for case. external respiration. slumber. intestine motion and irregular bosom rates. On the other manus. Kangaroo attention besides plays an built-in function cementing the relationship between the baby and the female parent. This survey found out that the adult females who were exposed to Kangaroo attention construct enjoyed close relationships with their babies as a consequence. Consecutively. this survey ascertains that babies who are kangarooed ends up with increased growing and development compared to those who are non exposed to the construct. Development of Kangaroo attention in Methodist Dallas medica l Centre has ensured an improved efficaciousness in nursing attention since the wellness of babies is normally improved significantly. On the other manus. mortality rates of babies have been reduced significantly and this virtuousness has won the religion of the locals in Dallas. Methodist Dallas medical Centre has high potency in wellness attention and the effectual employment of Kangaroo attention is an indispensable milepost. Reference list Anderson. et Al ( 2001 ) . Kangaroo attention: Not merely for stable premature babies any longer.Contemplations on Nursing Leadership. 14. 33–34. 45. Bier et Al ( 1997 ) Breastfeeding babies who were highly low birthweight.Pediatric. 100: 773–812. Charpak. N. . Ruiz-Pelaz. J. . A ; Figueroa. Z. ( 2005 ) . Influence of feeding forms and other factors on early bodily growing of healthy. preterm babies in home-based kangaroo female parent attention: A cohort survey.Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutrition. 41( 4 ) . 430-437. Conde-Agudelo et Al ( 2003 ) . Kangaroo female parent attention to cut down morbidity and mortality in low birthweight babies.The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2. Dodd. V. ( 2005 ) . Deductions of kangaroo attention for growing and development in preterm babies.Journal of Ostetrics. Gynecologic. and Neonatal Nursing. 34( 2 ) . 218-232. Dombrowski et Al. ( 2001 ) . Kangaroo ( skin-to-skin ) Care with a postpartum adult female who felt down. MCN.The American Journal of Maternal and Child Nursing. 26: 214–216. Ellett. M. . Bleah. D. . A ; Parris. S. ( 2004 ) . Feasibility of utilizing kangaroo ( skin-to-skin ) attention with flatulent babies.Gastroenterol Nursing. 27( 1 ) . 9-15. Engler. A. et Al ( 2002 ) Kangaroo Care National study of pattern. cognition barriers and perceptual experiences.Maternal and Child Nursing. 27( 3 ) : 146-153. Feldman. R. . Eidelman. A. . Sirota. L. . A ; Weller. A. ( 2002 ) . Comparison of skin-to-skin ( kangaroo ) and traditional attention: Rearing results and preterm development.Pediatricss. 110( 1 ) . 16-26. Furman. L. A ; Kennell. J. ( 2000 ) . Breastmilk and skin-to-skin kangaroo attention for premature babies. Avoiding bonding failure.Acta Paediatrica. 89: 1280-1283. Johnston. C. . Stevens. B. . Pinelli. J. . Gibbins. S. . Filion. F. . Jack. A. . Steele. S. . Boyer. K. . A ; Veilleux. A. ( 2003 ) . Kangaroo attention is effectual in decreasing hurting response in preterm newborns.Archivess of Pediatricss and Adolescent Medicine. 157( 11 ) . 1084-1088. Kenner. C. A ; Lott. J. W. ( 2003 ) .Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing. Saunders. USA. Kennell. J. ( 2006 ) . Randomized controlled test of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional brooder for physiological stabization in 1200 g to 2199 g neonates.Acta Paediatric. 95( 1 ) . 15-16. London. M. . Ladewig. P. . Ball. J. . A ; Bindler. R. ( 2006 ) .Maternal and child nursing attention( 2nd ed. ) . Upper Saddle River. New jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ( p. 573. 791 – 793 ) Ludington et Al. ( 2003 ) . Safe standards and process for Kangaroo Care with intubated preterm babies.Journal of Obstetric. Gynaecological and Neonatal Nursing. 32( 5 ) : 579-586. Ludington-Hoe. S. . Hosseini. R. . A ; Torowicz. D. ( 2005 ) . Skin-to-skin contact ( kangaroo attention ) analgesia for preterm baby heel stick.AACN Clinical Issues. 16( 3 ) . 373-387. Ludington-Hoe. S. . Lewis. T. . Morgan. K. . Cong. X. . Anderson. L. . A ; Reese. S. ( 2006 ) . Breast and infant temperatures with twins during shared kangaroo attention.Journal of Ostetrics. Gynecologic. and Neonatal Nursing. 35( 2 ) . 223-231. McCain. G. . Ludington-Hoe. S. . Swinth. J. . A ; Hadeed. A. ( 2005 ) . Heart rate variableness responses of a preterm baby to kangaroo attention.Journal of Ostetrics. Gynecologic. and Neonatal Nursing. 34( 6 ) . 689-694. Penalva. O. . A ; Schwartzman. J. ( 2006 ) . Descriptive survey of the clinical and nutritionary profile and followup of premature babes in a Kangaroo Mother Care Program.Journal of Peditrics. 82( 1 ) . 33-39. World Health Organisation ( WHO ) ( 2003 ) . Kangaroo Mother Care: A Practical Guide.Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Geneva.

Information Security Russian Hackers

Question: Describe about the Information Security for Russian Hackers. Answer: A.1) Problems statement The article is related to the story published in Data breach about The New York Times targeted by Russian Hackers. This newspaper mainly covers news stories about antagonized countries like Russia, China. Therefore it is very much obvious that spies of these countries will keep check on the reporters of this newspaper (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). China has warned Time about the consequences they would face due to revolutionary actions. According to their sayings they have hacked the network of Times through adding malware to their server. In this incident all the data related to corporate passwords and user details were hacked through this attack. Almost email and passwords of 53 employees were hacked during this attack. After this scenario Russian hacker are also willing to attack their system according to the spies of Times. They have targeted dox NYT employees. In early 2016 this paper published an article about a sophisticated laboratory run by R ussian that was aimed to conceal Russian athletes use of banned substances (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). According to the chief editor of Times it was clear that these threatening emails are not signs of attack these are just a mare trick to know about those contacts with which Times was communicating and what their conversation was about. These aspects made Times think about security of their reporter as the previous attack has stolen most of their important data regarding Russia and china. In spite of these incidents reporter were constant to their decisions to find fraudulent among Russian events and they want to recognize Russian spies. A.2) Process of attack The New York Times was challenged by attacks initiated by Russian hackers so as to take revenge of the reports they have published against Russia. At the first of stage of the attack Times was assuming that those massive attacks was operated by China as in 2015 they have intended another attack for hacking their entire server (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). After several research and investigation done on attacks recognized in 2016 it was clear that Russian spies were keeping check on the reporter of Times and they were not only controlling their system, email Ids but also noting their positions and keeping check on their contacts. During attacks in between 2015 and 2016 it was rated the massive one among all. Around 53 employee email IDs and passwords were hacked by Russian hackers (Allam et al., 2014). The problematic situation rose that the Russian hackers was trying to track the reporters of Times that results into the cyber- attack on 2016. Accordi ng to the research done on this cyber- attack, it was found that hackers were utilizing special tracking system for noticing the instant position of reporters. In addition to this, not only the reporters were tracked but also their contacts were getting tracked by hackers. This incident impacted massively on reporter of Times, as a result of which they could not stop writing against Russian spies and hackers (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). This step was intentionally taken to attack Russian hackers by the power of media. A.3) Possible Solutions There may be several resolution techniques possible against these massive breaches. These are mainly related to the information security system (Cardenas et al., 2012). Following are the concerned techniques to resolve these cyber breaches: Improvisation of information security techniques: Every organization and individual should obey these rules to protect their data from hackers (Layton, 2016). In case of individuals they should create their own security questions that may protect their system in a better way. As a result of which the hacker may not be allowed to guess or track those security questions set by users. In case of organizations or in case industry specific applications, there may platform independent cloud services that will prevent these systems from hacking (Gordon et al., 2015). Cloud services provide better security than any other platform in real time applications. Use of modernized tracking systems: Modernized tracking systems will help Times to prevent further cyber- attacks (Posey et al., 2014). At the first stage of attacks Times was not clear about hackers. There specific location was not clear to Times. Lack of security measure and conventional tracking system made Times inefficient while recognizing hackers position. Improvised motoring techniques will not only make them perfect in case of preventing hacking but also assures their consumers and employees that their data registered with their organization is safe (New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers, 2016). This aspect will improve brand value of Times. Part B: 2015 Anthem Medical Data Breach Case Title: Health Insurer Anthem Hit by hackers (Source: Yadron, 2015) Referred to appendix 2 B.1) Problems statement The article elaborated about the information security issue happened with giant healthcare Anthem. Almost 80 million consumers have lost their data due to this data theft. This was noted as the largest data breach in the year of 2015 (Rhee et al., 2012). Spokesperson from Anthem said that the data breach revealed most of the customer information to the hackers, such as: names, birthdates, account details, social security numbers and medical information of consumers. This incident not only impacted upon the consumers of Anthem but also make changes upon trustworthy relationship between consumers and Anthem. There were several consumers those were suffering from critical identity theft only due to lack of information security system in Anthem. In addition to this, modern approach of hacker for making Anthem fall against them makes the hacking possible (Siponen Vance, 2014). The hackers used almost all financial and other consumer related data for their own profit in the black market ac cording to the researches done this matter. According to investigators involved in case of Anthem hacking said that, this attack was sophisticated and very advanced in nature, due to that the weak technological support of Anthem could not get the hackers (Yadron, 2016). FBI was investigating in this case for further results and to find the concerned hackers involved in this massive attack. B.2) Impacts on victims According to investigators there are three actors in this incident who were affected due to this incident: Anthem, Consumer and Hackers. All of the positive and negative impacts are described as follows: Impact on consumers: Anthem hack made the world shocked with the severity of the damages occurred due to this. Almost 80 million consumers and 40 million company related data were stolen (Yadron, 2016). Anthem was challenged by data theft, impact of that only making the consumers restless as they were facing identity crisis (Van Deursen et al., 2013).This aspect impacted on the social world as well as in technological world. Almost 37.5 million payment details were stolen by this attack. Impact on Anthem: Anthem was suffering from critical situation as all of their customers have lost faith on them due to data theft (Teymourlouei Jackson, 2016). Most important fact was that the organization was losing their position in the marketplace due to severity of damages due to data theft. This incident not only reduced their fame in the marketplace but also affected their future aspect (Syed Dhillon, 2015). According tothe CEO of Anthem, Anthem has yet to demonstrate a path towards restoring this trust. Impact on Hackers: Among all the actors of this incident, hackers were only one who never suffered from any challenges due to this attack, in spite of that they were gained profit by stealing those data (Van Deursen et al., 2013). Financial information stolen in this incident was sold in the black market to maximum profit from that. In addition to this, investigators were expecting that there may be another reason or this incident: hackers may be intended to make Anthem feel their fall in healthcare industry. B.3) Process of attack According to Mr. Miller, a spokesperson from Anthem said that the information security department recognized the attack when in last week database queries were running automatically without the administrator password (Yadron, 2016). In addition to this, the system administrator did not enter his identifier code but the system was being operated by some other server. This incident recognized the attack but the hackers were using so much of advanced technologies that security team of the Anthem did not locate their position while considering their sever location (Vance et al., 2012). Information security team of Anthem once located the server position of hackers but it was just an illusion that makes them confused with their real position and hackers got sufficient time for being moved to another location before the Anthem security team could reach them. The total incident happened in a short period of time that security team could not recognize the actual perspective and location of t hem (Yadron, 2016). Anthem faced massive challenges due lack of security back up and contingency plan at that moment with them. This impacted on their concerned market position as well as to their consumers. B.4) Preventive measures There may be several aspects that may suggest the recovery of problems identified in the Anthem attack. Anthem took some steps to prevent these attacks as well protected their system from further massive attack s like this. These steps are discussed as follows: Password Management: Anthem had reset the entire user and employee password with a single that can only be accessed by the authority (Allam et al., 2014). This aspect reduced the chances of further hacking over their network. Only one pass word was there by which all data would be accessible through Anthem server. Implement Server Based Platform: Anthem introduced a new web server based platform that was helping them to observe him problems their consumers were facing (Armerding, 2012). This step made their future risks reduced as they would be now getting all the tracking details from user server. Implement Firewall Method: They built a firewall with proper security method for their open server that will track the harmful operations that may harm their network, which helps them to recognize the hacking possibilities. References Allam, S., Flowerday, S. V., Flowerday, E. (2014). Smartphone information security awareness: A victim of operational pressures.Computers Security,42, 56-65. Armerding, T. (2012). The 15 worst data security breaches of the 21st Century.COS Security and Risk. Cardenas, J., Coronado, A., Donald, A., Parra, F., Mahmood, M. A. (2012). The economic impact of security breaches on publicly traded corporations: an empirical investigation. Gordon, L. A., Loeb, M. P., Lucyshyn, W., Zhou, L. (2015). The impact of information sharing on cybersecurity underinvestment: a real options perspective.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,34(5), 509-519. Layton, T. P. (2016).Information Security: Design, implementation, measurement, and compliance. CRC Press. New York Times Reportedly Targeted by Russian Hackers. (2016).Databreachtoday.in. Retrieved 25 August 2016, fromhttps://www.databreachtoday.in/new-york-times-reportedly-targeted-by-russian-hackers-a-9357 Posey, C., Roberts, T. L., Lowry, P. B., Hightower, R. T. (2014).Bridging the divide: a qualitative comparison of information security thought patterns between information security professionals and ordinary organizational insiders.Information management,51(5), 551-567. Rhee, H. S., Ryu, Y. U., Kim, C. T. (2012).Unrealistic optimism on information security management.computers security,31(2), 221-232. Siponen, M., Vance, A. (2014). Guidelines for improving the contextual relevance of field surveys: the case of information security policy violations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(3), 289-305. Syed, R., Dhillon, G. (2015). Dynamics of Data Breaches in Online Social Networks: Understanding Threats to Organizational Information Security Reputation. Teymourlouei, H., Jackson, L. (2016, January).Detecting and Preventing Information Security Breaches.InProceedings of the International Conference on Security and Management (SAM)(p. 304). The Steering Committee of The World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering and Applied Computing (WorldComp). Van Deursen, N., Buchanan, W. J., Duff, A. (2013).Monitoring information security risks within health care.computers security,37, 31-45. Vance, A., Siponen, M., Pahnila, S. (2012). Motivating IS security compliance: insights from habit and protection motivation theory.Information Management,49(3), 190-198. Yadron, A., (2016).Health Insurer Anthem Hit by Hackers. [online] WSJ. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/health-insurer-anthem-hit-by-hackers-1423103720 [Accessed 25 Aug. 2016].